This House would treat addiction as a medical condition, not a moral failing.
ethicsThe medical framing has dominated public-health discourse for two decades. Opioid-deaths data and the policy response since 2017 has tested it. Where the framing helps and where it hurts is now an empirical question.
Background
The American Society of Addiction Medicine formally classified addiction as a brain disease in 2011. Insurance coverage for treatment expanded after the 2008 Mental Health Parity Act. US overdose deaths still rose from 47,000 in 2014 to 108,000 in 2022 driven by fentanyl. The medical-framing critique now comes from both directions: Sally Satel argues exclusive medicalization removes the patient agency that recovery requires; the harm-reduction left argues medicalization still pathologizes choice. Portugal's 2001 decriminalization model is the cleanest test case; overdose deaths there fell 80% over 15 years.
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